Iranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-49546120180101Forecasting Change of Iran's Trading Partners with an Emphasis on Continuing Sanctions in Horizon of Fifth Iranian Development Plan116122958ENMahdiBastaniDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Developments, Tehran, University, Daneshkadeh St, Karaj, Alborz, Iran.EbrahimEnsanDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Developments, Tehran, University.Journal Article20170824Expanding non-oil exports for diversifying export earnings is a common policy in developing countries with monoculture economics. However, in recent years, sanctions as the major obstacle of achieving the objectives lead to change of trading partners through affecting domestic and foreign policies. Therefore, the uncertainty of future trading partners due to the uncertain conditions of sanction highlights the necessity of forecasting the change trends of Iran's trading partners. This paper aimed to review and forecast share changing of Iran's major trading partners from 1996 until the end of the fifth development plans. Thus, first, the share of trading partners from agricultural export products as the part of non-oil exports during 1996-2012 was investigated using the data on non-oil exports of Iran Customs Administration. Then, the share of Iran's trading partners was forecasted during 2013-2015 by considering sanctions and using econometric techniques. Results of the forecasts showed that, in the non-sanction conditions, the share of western countries of Iran's non-oil exports would increase and, with continuing sanctions, exports would be limited to the neighbouring countries.https://www.oajre.ir/article_122958_174a4c5f7447a869480d03485c918665.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-49546120180101The Role of Sanction on Effectiveness of Total Tax on Foreign Savings in Iran1729122977ENJafarQaderiassociate professor at the University of Shiraz, Iran.BehnamIzadiDepartment of Economics, University of Shiraz, Iran.Journal Article20170712Considering the fact that governments are always looking to increase the amount of foreign savings and their share of tax revenue from the total income, therefore this paper investigates the role of sanctions on effectiveness of total tax on foreign savings in Iran’s economy during the period 1391-1352. Utilized function is linear and utilized technique is ordinary least squares (OLS). To demonstrate the effectiveness of international sanctions during the 80s, in the function, the virtual variable has been used that the coefficient for this variable is negative and it is statistically significant. Inflation rate and per capita GDP are used as explanatory variables. Estimation results show that by increasing the total tax, foreign savings increase which confirms the Plyz hypothesis In addition to the general level of prices, foreign savings reduce and by increasing per capita gross domestic product, foreign savings increase.https://www.oajre.ir/article_122977_94c7a7d824fbfebfe22aac85586065f7.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-49546120180101The Effects of Economic Sanctions on Target Countries over Time through Mathematical Models and Decision Making3040122978ENEmadRabieiFaculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Iran.PeymanAhmadianFaculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Iran.Journal Article20170805This study investigates the impact of economic and political sanctions on Governments over time. The objective of this paper is to determine the best strategy toward sanction through decision making methods. Some economists argue that it takes time to convince the sanction target. Others stress that economic adjustment will reduce incentives to comply. When it comes to international economic sanctions, the most frequent goal is regime change and democratization. Yet, past experiences suggest that such sanctions are often ineffective; moreover, quite paradoxically, targeted regimes tend to respond with policies that amplify the sanctions' harmful effects. These governments try to contain potential problems caused by sanctions by using three types of political rhetoric: appeasement, backlash, and surveillance. Negative sanctions cause the regime to use appeasement strategies (or calls for reforms and internal changes). It tends to use backlash rhetoric (or blaming the sanctioning powers) in response to, interestingly, positive sanctions. This paper also offers a political-economy model by using mathematical formulas which provides an explanation for these observations. As a result, we conclude if government utilize its own economic opportunities, there is a big chance that sanctions fail.https://www.oajre.ir/article_122978_438c6d4bdef3e56a1e9a8fcba3cf4b70.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-49546120180101Investigating the Process and Variables Affecting Iran's Accession to WTO with an Emphasis on Post-JCPOA Era4156125557ENHamid RezaAkbarpourYoung Researchers Club, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20170712<span>World Trade Organization (WTO) is one of the salient international organizations emerged after World War II. This immense international body had to be founded due to the necessity of the postwar period. Today, an enormous amount of international trades, up to 95 percent, is running within this organization. This study is to examine the process and impacts of Iran's accession to the WTO. The research was conducted using library and analytical methods. Iran has already made numerous and unbreakable measures to become a member of this organization and has promoted as an observer member. In general, full membership entails the adoption of a détente policy, especially in the Middle East. Moreover, to expedite administrative measures in the WTO, it is necessary to provide the context for employing qualified and knowledgeable lawyers familiar with the WTO system and rules. Flowing in the world trades and acceding to this organization has undeniable advantages and creates great opportunities for the Iranian economy, but taking step in this arena without preparation will bring about irreparable damages to the national economy. In this regard, measures such as optimization, flexibility and transparency of the financial system, the gradual elimination of government subsidies, the reform of foreign exchange and trade policies, the modernization of industries to attract foreign investment, the active encouragement of exporters, and the facilitation of affairs related to the factors of production play a significant role in reinforcing the domestic industry against the threats of membership. Moreover, in completing these measures, the use of a strong economic diplomacy is efficient in removing obstacles to commercial development of Iran.</span>https://www.oajre.ir/article_125557_7524ebbf8ac8c4504ff791264627a120.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-49546120180101The Effect of the Banking Business Model on Financial Stability of Banks in Iran5766174279ENShayestehVarediAssistant professor, Department of Economics, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, IranElhamGholamiPh.D, Department of Economics, Economic consultant of Shahr Bank, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20170610This study investigates the effect of the business model on financial stability of banks operating in Iran. For this purpose, based on the economic approach of the banking business model, two financing structures (ratio of non-deposit financing to total liabilities) and income structure (ratio of non-interest income to total operating income) are used to measure the business model. Next, the impact of these measures and other explanatory variables on the stability of banks (standard deviation of asset returns) was estimated by a multivariate regression model using random effects model and the panel data of 22 banks (17 private banks and 5 state banks) for the period 2010-2016. The results show that an increase in the ratio of non-interest income raises the bank stability index. Therefore, the more banks rely on non-interest income, the more stable they will operate in terms of profitability.https://www.oajre.ir/article_174279_0327dfc9375ef2fbdc0309320873013b.pdf