Iranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260701The Effect of Economic Complexity on Entrepreneurship Density in Iran: The Role of Government Size11924466110.22034/oajre.2026.575652.1192ENZahraShokriDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.Amir MansourTehranchianProfessor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.SoheilRudariDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20260215The pursuit of stable and robust economic growth has consistently been a cornerstone of economic policy objectives. In this pursuit, economic complexity has emerged as paramount driver, significantly fostering innovation, promoting economic diversification, and yielding substantial long-term productivity gains. This study undertakes a rigorous examination of the impact of economic complexity on entrepreneurship density within the specific context of Iran's oil-dependent economy, an environment notably characterized by extensive governmental intervention in revenue allocation processes.<br><br>Employing a sophisticated Time‑Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression with Stochastic Volatility (TVP‑VAR‑SV) model, this research meticulously analyzes the intricate dynamic interdependencies among the core variables across different time horizons. The empirical findings compellingly indicate that economic complexity, while initially inducing a contractionary short-term effect on entrepreneurship density, subsequently catalyzes a sustained expansionary phase in the longer term. Moreover, the analysis quantifies a positive contribution of economic complexity to GDP growth, estimating it at a 0.25% increase.<br><br>The nuanced impact of government size on entrepreneurship density is observed to manifest initially as a slight negative influence. However, this effect progressively attenuates over time, eventually transitioning into a positive and significant impact on the economy. Consequently, this study strongly recommends that policymakers strategically prioritize substantial investments in technological advancement, critical infrastructure development, and comprehensive educational reforms. Such strategic priorities are essential to fully harness the profound long-term benefits of economic complexity for fostering entrepreneurship, while simultaneously endeavoring to mitigate the potentially disruptive short-term costs associated with structural adjustments.https://www.oajre.ir/article_244661_c68e8711f6d079e4d8fcf3fa241ec979.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260831Moderating role of audit quality in the relationship between ESG performance and corporate capital financing dynamics: A Case Study of Iran204524459610.22034/oajre.2026.547361.1145ENAbdolrasoulRahmanian KoushkakiDepartment of Accounting, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5163-1764Seyedeh FatemehHosseini AlmadaniMSc, Department of Accounting, Pars Mohr Higher Education Institute, Mohr, IranJournal Article20250915This study investigates the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and corporate capital financing dynamics, while also examining the moderating role of audit quality in this relationship. Firms with stronger ESG performance are expected to reduce information asymmetry and perceived risk, thereby improving their financing conditions and influencing their capital financing decisions. The study adopts an applied research approach with a descriptive–correlational design. ESG performance is measured using the weighted disclosure method developed by Fakhari et al. (2017), which evaluates the extent of ESG-related information disclosed in firms’ board reports. Audit quality is proxied by auditor size; following Khani and Rajab-Dari (2021), a dummy variable is used that takes the value of one if the firm is audited by the Audit Organization and zero otherwise. The statistical population consists of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, from which a sample of 143 firms was selected for the period 2013–2022. The research hypotheses were tested using panel data and pooled regression models estimated through the EGLS method in EViews. The empirical results reveal a positive and statistically significant relationship between ESG performance and corporate capital financing dynamics. Moreover, audit quality positively moderates this relationship, indicating that higher-quality auditing enhances the credibility of ESG disclosures and mitigates opportunistic managerial behavior. These findings highlight the importance of ESG practices and robust auditing mechanisms in improving firms’ financing conditions. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to limitations related to ESG data availability and measurement challenges in emerging markets.https://www.oajre.ir/article_244596_1c4a33507616226cbd1e9155b296a254.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260701Presenting a Model for Formulating Policy on the Development of Entrepreneurship Education in Iran's Tourism Industry466324466010.22034/oajre.2026.576634.1195ENSeyed AmirPayamiDepartment of Entrepreneurship Management, AK.C., Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.FereydoonAzmaDepartment of Management, AK.C., Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.BehzadShahrabiDepartment of Management, AK.C., Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.Journal Article20260218Iran’s tourism industry, despite possessing unparalleled capacities, faces a profound gap between its existing potential and current performance, rooted in the systematic weaknesses of the human capital cultivation system for entrepreneurship. The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and presenting a model for policy formulation in developing entrepreneurship education within Iran’s tourism industry. This research adopted a qualitative approach and utilized thematic analysis method. The participants consisted of 18 experts and key actors from three domains: public policy-making, entrepreneurship education, and tourism management, selected through purposive sampling with the technique of maximum variation. Data were collected via in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA software through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The validity of the findings was ensured through participant review and data source triangulation. Data analysis led to the identification of three main themes and twelve sub-themes. The main themes include: “Integrated and Networked Institutional Governance” with sub-themes of cross-sectoral leadership and coordination, definition of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, legal and supportive mechanisms, and sustainable resource provision; “Integrated, Context-Aware, and Ecosystem-Oriented Educational Program” with sub-themes of hybrid competencies, experiential and problem-based learning, content localization, and instructor empowerment; and “Learning System for Monitoring, Evaluation, and Continuous Improvement” with sub-themes of combined indicators of progress and impact, process evaluation, agile feedback mechanisms, and institutionalization of organizational learning. The proposed model, by integrating the three pillars of governance, education, and evaluation within a networked and dynamic structure, offers a process-oriented and indigenous framework for policy formulation in developing entrepreneurship education in Iran’s tourism industry. This model addresses simultaneous coverage of micro levels, meso levels, and macro levels, targeting the fourfold gaps in context-awareness, institutional integration, outcome evaluation, and technology integration, and can serve as a roadmap for policymakers and planners.https://www.oajre.ir/article_244660_fcd0e63d691c684bd474f2804905c62c.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260701Impacts of Drought on Food Security of Strategic Crops in Iran: A Machine Learning–Based Scenario Analysis648424560010.22034/oajre.2026.576145.1193ENFoadEshghiDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran.0000-0002-5763-1917TaherehRanjbarDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.0009-0006-8905-0355Nemat AllahNematiDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.0009-0001-4878-8787HafezehHoseiniDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.MasoudSharifi KhatirMaster of Agricultural Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20260216Drought-driven hydroclimatic stress is increasingly disrupting agricultural supply in arid and semi-arid environments. This study quantifies future supply vulnerability for three major cereal crops in Iran, namely wheat, rice, and barley, using a multivariate Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) time-series framework. Annual data for 1961–2023 were compiled from international databases and include crop production, imports, harvested area, and precipitation as a climate proxy. The modelling workflow proceeds in two steps: (i) domestic production is projected for 2024–2028 using crop-specific multivariate LSTM models; and (ii) the forecasts are translated into implied import requirements. In this study, implied import requirement is a gap-based accounting indicator, calculated as the non-negative difference between the calibrated baseline domestic requirement and forecasted production, rather than a direct machine-learning forecast of import volumes. To stress-test vulnerability, three drought shock scenarios, including 10%, 30%, and 50% production reductions, are applied to the baseline production pathway, and scenario-specific import gaps are recomputed. The results show that drought shocks substantially increase external supply exposure across all crops. Under the severe 50% shock scenario, average implied import requirements during 2024–2028 increase by 172.6% for wheat, 137.1% for rice, and 65.4% for barley compared with the baseline pathway. In aggregate, the three-crop import gap rises by 135.7%, indicating a sharp increase in food-security vulnerability under severe drought stress. Methodologically, the study demonstrates how LSTM-based production forecasts can be converted into policy-relevant import-gap scenarios. From a policy perspective, the findings support integrated drought-risk management through water productivity improvement, strategic grain reserves, and forward import planning.https://www.oajre.ir/article_245600_ad027c454a6ff9ba5726a4f7afd35a2e.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260701Testing the Tourism Marketing Model of Chabahar and Ranking Marketing Factors Affecting Tourist Attraction8510124615010.22034/oajre.2026.582043.1218ENAtaollahRasoulizadDepartment of Business Management, Sar.C., Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.MehdiNoursinaDepartment of Business Management, Nar.C., Islamic Azad University, Naragh, Iran.ShadanVahabzadehDepartment of Business Management, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.ShahramSalavatiDepartment of Business Administration, To.C., Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran.Journal Article20260215Chabahar Free Zone, endowed with unique natural capacities and a strategic geographical position, possesses substantial potential to emerge as a national and international tourism hub. However, realizing this objective necessitates the precise identification and systematic ranking of key marketing factors that effectively influence travelers' decision-making processes. The primary aim of this research was to test the tourism marketing model of Chabahar and to rank the marketing factors affecting tourist attraction. In terms of purpose, the present study is applied in nature, while adopting a quantitative methodological approach. A survey strategy was employed for the quantitative component, and the research design was descriptive-survey with respect to data collection procedures. The statistical population comprised all investors in the tourism sector, from which a sample of 242 participants was selected through simple random sampling based on Cochran's formula. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling, and model validation was performed utilizing SmartPLS4 software. The findings revealed that consequences, with a mean rank of 2.63, occupied the highest priority. Intervening factors, with a mean rank of 2.55, ranked second. The central phenomenon, with a mean rank of 2.43, ranked third. Contextual factors, with a mean rank of 2.40, ranked fourth. Strategies, with a mean rank of 2.39, ranked fifth. Finally, causal conditions, with a mean rank of 2.38, occupied the lowest priority. Furthermore, model validation indicated that the Goodness-of-Fit index yielded a value of 0.546, representing a robust indicator that confirms the overall high quality and adequate fit of the proposed model.https://www.oajre.ir/article_246150_048423189874df0d3e11a35c5afb7e13.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260831Predicting future sequences of inflation and investor sentiment index using artificial intelligence10212324466310.22034/oajre.2026.579277.1203ENHosseinJawdat KazemPhD Student in Public Sector economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics,Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.LeilaArghaPhD Student in Public Sector economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics,Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.MasoudTaheriniaAssociate Professor of Accounting, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management and Economics, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.Journal Article20260401This study aims to forecast future sequences of inflation and the investor sentiment index using artificial intelligence in Iran and Iraq. In terms of purpose, the research is applied, and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-analytical, conducted through a hybrid approach combining artificial intelligence and econometrics. The statistical population comprises monthly data on inflation and the investor sentiment index in Iran and Iraq, with the statistical sample including all available observations over the 10-year period ending in October 2025. Data were collected using a documentary method from official statistical sources and reputable databases. In the first stage, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network was employed to forecast future sequences of both variables; 80% of the data were allocated for training and 20% for testing, with forecasts evaluated across seven future sequences. The results indicated that the model demonstrated more stable and reliable performance in forecasting the investor sentiment index in Iran, whereas in Iraq, prediction errors gradually increased as the forecast horizon extended. Furthermore, the findings from the Error Correction Model revealed that a long-run equilibrium relationship exists between the variables in both countries, and the system returns to its equilibrium path at an appropriate speed. Overall, the findings suggest that integrating artificial intelligence and econometric methods can provide a suitable tool for inflation forecasting, with results applicable to economic policymakers and capital market participants.https://www.oajre.ir/article_244663_706249dd3fc0b178c58be9f85127d29e.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260831Business Model Presentation in the Air Transport Industry12413924583310.22034/oajre.2026.521914.1109ENIlnazKhodamoradiPhD Student, Department of Business Management, Sar.C., Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.0009-0002-1795-8592MajidFattahiDepartment of Business Management, Sar.C., Islamic Azad University, Sari, IranMiladFarzinAssistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Sar.C., Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.0000-0002-4328-5734Journal Article20250507The objective of this study is to present a business model for the air transport industry. In terms of its purpose, this research is classified as applied-developmental. Adopting a qualitative approach and utilizing thematic analysis, the study aimed to develop the proposed model. The participant population for the qualitative phase comprised theoretical experts (academic elites and distinguished faculty members from universities) and executive experts (managers of airline companies and the aviation industry). Concurrent purposive and snowball sampling methods were employed. Theoretical saturation was achieved following semi-structured interviews with 14 experts. Data collection in the qualitative phase was conducted through semi-structured interviews. To ensure the reliability of the qualitative phase and confirm theoretical saturation, an inter-rater agreement correlation matrix and a dual-coder diagram were utilized. Model design and the identification of primary and secondary themes were performed using MAXQDA 2020 software. Based on the findings, the business model in the air transport industry encompasses seven main themes: technological infrastructure and smart data architecture, analytical capabilities and evidence-based decision-making, operational optimization and flight performance, customer experience and data-driven marketing, smart revenue and financial management, sustainability and corporate social responsibility, and organizational culture and data governance. Each main theme comprises at least three sub-themes.https://www.oajre.ir/article_245833_8851cb633e61aca4631cf2dfddb9b1c4.pdfIranian Business Management AssociationInternational Journal of Resistive Economics2345-495414320260701Developing an Organizational Resilience Measurement Tool14016624604110.22034/oajre.2026.581250.1216ENYaserHamidavi NasabDepartment of Industrial Management and Technology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.MaghsoudAmiriDepartment of Industrial Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, IranAmirrezaKeyghobadiDepartment of Industrial Management, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranKiamarsFathiDepartment of Industrial Management, ST.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranHessamZandhessamiDepartment of Industrial Management and Technology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20260311Organizational resilience (OR) is rising in attention due to not just being a key solution for companies to cope with crises but also being closely tied to their long-term survival and growth. However, researchers acknowledge research gaps such as issues related to the comprehensiveness and accuracy of OR measuring tools, which also fail to specify the kind of crisis they cover. This study intended to develop a novel tool, considering both static (resource-based) and dynamic (capability-based) dimensions of OR, alongside all 4 strategic responses to crises to hedge expected and unexpected disruptions, aiming to enhance comprehensiveness, alongside eliminating redundancy among factors and assigning weight to improve accuracy. To this end, the structured focus group (FC) and best-worst method (BWM) were conducted with the participation of 6 experts to refine and augment as well as assign weight to the factors. The tool encompasses 8 factors distributed across three sets—direction with a weight of 0.222, execution with a weight of 0.317, and results with a weight of 0.460—collectively including 23 sub-factors and 86 indicators. The tool's validation was tested by assessing the resilience of five petrochemical companies and comparing it to the Altman-Z score calculated for each one. This tool enables decision-makers to precisely assess the resilience level of their organizations, identifying strengths and weaknesses more comprehensively and prioritizing areas for improvement.https://www.oajre.ir/article_246041_824f21efda2d0ae5c2be7b30cbf7d1fa.pdf