https://www.oajre.ir/ International Journal of Resistive Economics en daily 1 Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 16 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.oajre.ir/article_240758.html In developing countries, remittances and financial development are two key factors influencing income inequality. This study examines the simultaneous relationships among remittances, financial development, and the Gini coefficient, with a particular focus on the informal economy. The distinction between formal and informal sectors is crucial, as financial channels in the formal economy—such as the banking system, regulations, and taxation—differ significantly from informal pathways, including black markets and underground financial activities. Consequently, the effects of remittances and financial institutions on inequality may vary across these sectors. Using a simultaneous equation framework estimated with System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) for the period 2010–2023, the study also incorporates control variables including inflation, exchange rate, government size, education level, and trade openness. The findings indicate that remittances in the informal sector positively and significantly affect financial development, while income inequality negatively impacts it. Financial development in the informal sector significantly reduces inequality, whereas remittances in both formal and informal sectors increase income inequality. Bidirectional relationships among the main variables highlight their dynamic interactions, with the informal economic structure moderating the magnitude and direction of these effects. The results underscore the importance of strengthening formal financial institutions, enhancing financial depth, and effectively managing remittance flows to reduce inequality and improve economic performance in developing countries. https://www.oajre.ir/article_242199.html This study aimed to investigate the impact of service quality and perceived value on repurchase intention, considering the mediating role of brand preference among customers of Asia Insurance Company. The research adopted a descriptive-survey design with an applied purpose. Based on Cochran's formula for an indefinite population, a sample of 196 participants was selected through convenience sampling. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24 for descriptive statistics and SmartPLS 3 for inferential statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings revealed that service quality exerts a significant positive effect on both brand preference (β = 0.422, t = 5.266, p < 0.001) and repurchase intention (β = 0.336, t = 3.847, p < 0.001). Similarly, perceived value significantly influences brand preference (β = 0.585, t = 8.168, p < 0.001) and repurchase intention (β = 0.481, t = 5.626, p < 0.001). Brand preference also demonstrated a significant positive effect on repurchase intention (β = 0.314, t = 3.630, p < 0.001). Sobel test results confirmed the mediating role of brand preference in the relationship between service quality and repurchase intention (Z = 2.59, p < 0.01), as well as between perceived value and repurchase intention (Z = 2.15, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that insurance companies seeking to enhance customer repurchase intention should not only focus on improving service quality and creating perceived value but also place particular emphasis on strengthening brand preference as a transmission mechanism through which these variables exert their effects. https://www.oajre.ir/article_242179.html The objective of the present study is to design a marketing intelligence model grounded in new product development within the lighting industry. In terms of purpose, this research is classified as applied, and regarding data collection, it falls under descriptive research with a thematic analysis approach. Data were gathered through open-ended questions via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with experts in the country's lighting industry within the marketing and sales domain. Participants were selected from the statistical population using snowball sampling until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in a sample size of 10 individuals. For data analysis, open, axial, and selective coding methods were employed. Consequently, 53 basic themes, 13 organizing themes (components), and 5 global themes (dimensions) were identified. The dimensions encompass Market Intelligence, Customer Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence, Technological Intelligence, and Business Intelligence. The dimensions of marketing intelligence based on new product development include: Market Intelligence, Customer Intelligence, Competitive Intelligence, Technological Intelligence, and Business Intelligence. Furthermore, the components of each marketing intelligence dimension are as follows: Market Intelligence (company behavior towards competitors in the market and understanding customer needs); Customer Intelligence (customer feedback regarding products, buying behavior analysis, customer segmentation); Competitive Intelligence (company readiness regarding competitors' market orientations, identifying and covering competitors' market gaps, marketing strategy relative to competitors); Technological Intelligence (new technologies, energy productivity, and standards); and Business Intelligence (profitability analysis of existing products, sales forecasting for new products, and optimal selection of distribution channels). https://www.oajre.ir/article_228525.html The purpose of this study is to examine and test the point of purchase (POP) marketing model with a sensory and experiential marketing approach. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. Data were collected using a researcher-developed standardized questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 385 customers of chain stores, whose opinions were utilized. The sampling method was convenience sampling. The composite reliability and the reliability of each research component were calculated, with results indicating the reliability of the measurement tool. The questionnaire’s validity was determined through content validity, with calculations related to CVR and CVI for the questionnaire items, as well as divergent and convergent validity, confirming the questionnaire’s adequate validity. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis using Smart PLS4 software. The results indicate that explaining the relationships between the main dimensions of the POP marketing model with a sensory and experiential approach in chain stores and assessing the model’s fit and suitability require analyzing the integration, synergy, and alignment of these dimensions with the characteristics of the chain store environment. The identified main dimensions include sensory marketing and its impact on customers’ senses, visual appeal and aesthetics of the shopping environment, experiential marketing and customer-brand interaction, facilitating the purchase process and reducing customer effort, emotional and cognitive impact on customers, social influence and communications at the point of purchase, and smart technologies in POP marketing. https://www.oajre.ir/article_236635.html The purpose of this study is to propose a digital social media marketing framework aimed at enhancing strategic intelligence within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Given its objectives, this research is classified as applied-developmental. Adopting a qualitative approach and employing thematic analysis techniques, the study endeavors to formulate the proposed model. The qualitative participant population comprises both theoretical experts (academics specializing in management and marketing) and practical experts (industry professionals). A concurrent purposive and snowball sampling strategy was utilized. The qualitative sample size was determined by the attainment of theoretical saturation—interviews with experts from the dairy industry continued until no new thematic insights emerged. Theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting semi-structured interviews with 16 experts. Data collection in the qualitative phase was carried out through semi-structured interviews. To ensure the reliability of the qualitative findings and confirm theoretical saturation, the study employed both an inter-rater agreement correlation matrix and a dual-coder chart. Model development and identification of main and sub-themes were facilitated using MAXQDA 2020 software. The findings reveal six main themes constituting the digital social media marketing framework for advancing strategic intelligence in SMEs: (1) digital strategic awareness, (2) social media marketing capabilities, (3) strategic learning and adaptability, (4) digital organizational resources and capabilities, (5) digital barriers and challenges in SMEs, and (6) strategic integration between social media marketing and strategic intelligence. https://www.oajre.ir/article_238559.html This study aims to examine the effectiveness of impactful marketing within Iran’s tourism industry. The research is applied in nature with respect to its objectives and adopts a descriptive-survey methodology in terms of data collection. Data were gathered using a researcher-developed, standardized questionnaire. The statistical population comprised 16,802 medical equipment customers (physicians) in Mazandaran Province, from whom a stratified sample of 376 respondents was selected. The composite and individual component reliability of the measurement instrument was assessed, with results confirming its reliability. Additionally, both convergent and discriminant validity analyses indicated adequate validity of the questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed for data analysis, utilizing SmartPLS 4 software. Findings revealed the factor loadings, significance levels, and relationships among the core and secondary constructs of the impactful marketing framework in Iran’s tourism context. Moreover, the model demonstrated an acceptable level of fit and coherence. Consequently, it can be concluded that this framework—by focusing on identifying suitable influencers, creating compelling content, fostering continuous audience engagement, and leveraging emerging technologies—can play a pivotal role in enhancing Iran’s global standing in the tourism industry. https://www.oajre.ir/article_238910.html This study aims to design a marketing model for health tourism with an emphasis on medical equipment, employing a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, using meta-synthesis and Delphi methods, six main categories were identified: economic and policy factors, infrastructural conditions, quality of healthcare and support services, marketing and destination image, patient experience and satisfaction, and health tourism marketing development. In the quantitative phase, relationships between variables were analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings indicate that economic and policy factors indirectly influence marketing development through infrastructure and service quality. Infrastructural conditions have a significant positive impact on service quality, patient experience, and marketing development, but their direct effect on destination image was not significant. Service quality indirectly affects marketing development through patient experience, while marketing and destination image directly enhance health tourism development. Based on the findings, recommendations include integrating policies and marketing, technology-driven branding, designing technology-based treatment packages, and developing multilingual applications to enhance patient experience. This model can position Iran as a competitive destination in health tourism. https://www.oajre.ir/article_238911.html The aim of the present study is to investigate the structural role of Sharia acceptance on organizational flexibility with respect to the mediating role of corporate risk management quality. In terms of purpose, the research is applied and in terms of method, it is a descriptive-correlational survey. The statistical population consisted of 150 managers and senior experts of manufacturing, financial, investment, export and import companies and knowledge-based companies, who were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected with a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 15 items and its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling method and the partial least squares approach in Smart-PLS software. The findings showed that Sharia acceptance has a positive and significant effect on risk management quality (path coefficient: 0.686, t-statistic: 8.626, p<0.01) and its direct effect on organizational flexibility is also positive and significant (path coefficient: 0.239, t-statistic: 2.607, p<0.01). Risk management quality significantly enhances organizational resilience (path coefficient: 0.534, t-statistic: 5.448, p<0.01). The mediating role of risk management quality in the relationship between Sharia adoption and resilience was also confirmed (indirect coefficient: 0.366, t-statistic: 4.823, p<0.01). The model fit indices including GOF equal to 0.610 and SRMR equal to 0.067 indicate a favorable fit of the model. The results of the study indicate that the adoption of Sharia principles is not only an institutional requirement, but also a strategic asset for enhancing the ability of organizations to recover and adapt. https://www.oajre.ir/article_240607.html Nigeria's resource-rich economy remains hampered by sluggish growth, volatile inflation and high unemployment. Oil dependence and weak institutions exacerbate macroeconomic imbalances. This review assesses the effectiveness of Nigeria's monetary and fiscal policies in contributing to economic development and examines their interplay. Surveyed theoretical frameworks (classical, Keynesian and New Keynesian) and synthesised empirical findings from studies employing ARDL, ECM, SVAR and DSGE methods published between 1980 and 2025. The study evaluated the policy impacts on GDP growth, inflation, and employment. Quantitative evidence suggests that monetary policy has significant short-run effects: an ARDL study finds that interest rate cuts substantially increase output, whereas the broad money supply has a negative long-run impact. Fiscal policy accounts for a sizable portion of growth variation; a 1994–2023 regression yields an adjusted R-squared (R²) of 0.59, indicating that government spending and revenue are positively correlated with GDP, while deficits and double-digit debt ratios are negatively correlated. Nigeria's fiscal revenue fell to 5.9% of GDP in 2016, one of the lowest shares globally, while the median tax revenue was only 4.5%. The debt-to-GDP ratio nearly doubled from 13.7% in 2014 to 29.3% in 2021. A simulation of policy combinations suggests that tightening fiscal policy while loosening monetary policy can raise output by 1.6–1.7 %. The effectiveness of both policies is contingent upon price rigidity, the depth of the financial sector, and governance. Low revenues and rising debt constrain fiscal space; unstable money demand and multiple exchange rates hinder monetary transmission. https://www.oajre.ir/article_242059.html The primary objective of the present study is to elucidate the quality of outcomes associated with the systemic integration of omnichannel systems within the banking industry. This research adopts an applied purpose and employs a descriptive-causal methodology, situated within the structural equation modeling framework. In terms of data characteristics, the study is quantitative in nature and examines four hypothesized relationships. The statistical population comprises customers and managers of both public and private banks in Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire. For data analysis, SPSS and LISREL statistical software were utilized. The findings demonstrated that antecedent factors namely, current channel chain analysis, customer knowledge, perceived ease of use, and technological infrastructure exert a positive and statistically significant influence on the dimensions of channel integration quality, as well as on consequential outcomes including customer satisfaction, loyalty , and competitive advantage. Consequently, organizations that strategically prioritize these antecedents (channel chain analysis, customer knowledge, ease of use, and technological infrastructure) can simultaneously enhance the dimensions of channel integration quality and attain favorable outcomes, such as heightened satisfaction, strengthened loyalty, and increased repurchase/reuse intention. Accordingly, this study proposes a comprehensive and integrated model delineating the interrelationships among these constructs. This model offers practical utility for enterprises and the national banking sector, enabling them to design strategies that more effectively align with organizational objectives. Ultimately, a thorough understanding and accurate implementation of omnichannel strategy constitute a pivotal determinant of success and long-term viability for financial institutions operating within today's highly competitive marketplace. https://www.oajre.ir/article_242173.html The present study aims to investigate the mediating role of knowledge sharing and intrapreneurship in the relationship between social capital and innovation in tourism enterprises operating in Mazandaran Province. This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population consisted of 420 managers and senior experts of tourism businesses in Mazandaran Province. According to Morgan’s sampling table, 201 participants were selected through a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using four standardized questionnaires: the Social Capital Questionnaire adapted from Ozcan et al(2022), the Knowledge Sharing Questionnaire from Al-Tit et al(2022), the Innovation Questionnaire from Jorfi et al(2013), and the Intrapreneurship Questionnaire from Brown et al(2001). The face and content validity of the instruments were confirmed by academic experts, and their reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS 25 and PLS 4 software. The results indicated that knowledge sharing and intrapreneurship play significant mediating roles in the relationship between social capital and innovation. Furthermore, social capital had a significant positive effect on knowledge sharing, intrapreneurship, and innovation, while both knowledge sharing and intrapreneurship directly influenced innovation in tourism businesses. Accordingly, it can be concluded that strengthening social capital and promoting a culture of knowledge sharing in organizational environments can enhance innovation levels and foster intrapreneurial development within the tourism industry. https://www.oajre.ir/article_242200.html The distribution of relief items during crises is widely recognized as a critical challenge in humanitarian logistics and disaster management. In such contexts, time and operational costs emerge as two pivotal factors determining the success of relief operations. The objective of this research is to optimize the distribution process of essential items through a multi-objective model that concurrently determines optimal depot locations and efficient distribution routes by controlling both cost and time-related performance metrics. The weighted sum method is employed to solve the proposed model. Results indicate that the model effectively identifies the shortest routes, minimizes logistical costs, and enables optimal allocation of vehicles to destinations based on vehicle type. Finally, Pareto-optimal solutions are generated, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted on the time-based connectivity coefficient between routes. Findings demonstrate that the proposed model substantially enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian logistics operations. Model validation is performed through a real-world case study, and the results are benchmarked against existing operational plans, revealing superior performance of the proposed approach. Across comparisons of different objective functions, the number of non-dominated solutions ranges from 15 to 86, with evident convergence. The highest number of non-dominated solutions (86) is obtained when comparing the first and fourth objective functions, indicating superior solution quality and convergence relative to other scenarios. Overall, this study provides decision-makers with a scientific, data-driven tool to formulate more effective disaster response strategies through cost reduction and optimal resource utilization. https://www.oajre.ir/article_242368.html This study examines the short-and long-run asymmetric effects of oil price shocks on economic growth in an oil-exporting economy using a nonlinear econometric framework. Employing a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model, with annual panel data (1990–2022 ), the analysis decomposes oil price movements into positive and negative partial sums to capture potential asymmetries in both the short and long run, while controlling for standard growth determinants including physical capital, labor force, energy consumption, trade openness, and inflation to mitigate omitted variable bias. The results reveal a counterintuitive short-run asymmetry: positive oil price shocks exert a statistically significant negative effect on economic growth, whereas negative oil price shocks generate a positive short-run growth response. We interpret this pattern through two interrelated transmission mechanisms grounded in macroeconomic theory. First, positive oil shocks may intensify Dutch disease dynamics by appreciating the real exchange rate, reallocating resources toward non-tradable sectors, and weakening productivity in tradable industries. Second, negative oil shocks can trigger corrective adjustments, including fiscal consolidation, improved resource allocation, and reduced rent-seeking behavior, thereby mitigating distortions accumulated during oil booms. In this framework, adverse oil shocks may temporarily stimulate efficiency-enhancing reallocations and productivity improvements, particularly in economies previously characterized by oil-driven misallocation. In the long run, however, oil price increases remain growth-enhancing, reflecting the dominant income and investment channels associated with sustained oil revenue expansion.These findings suggest that the growth effects of oil price shocks depend not only on their direction but also on structural characteristics and policy responses within oil-exporting economies. https://www.oajre.ir/article_242436.html AbstractThe purpose of this research is to propose a strategic renewal model for the banking industry grounded in an entrepreneurial orientation. Methodologically, the present study adopts a mixed methods design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative phase, thematic analysis based on Sterling's framework was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with domain experts, and the findings from this stage informed the development of an emergent theoretical framework. The statistical population comprised banking experts, selected through sampling. Accordingly, fourteen seasoned experts, senior managers, and specialists with distinguished practical experience and academic credentials were identified as the research sample. Sampling within each phase continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. The findings revealed four principal factors constituting the strategic renewal model with an entrepreneurial approach in the banking sector. The first factor pertains to the exploration of innovation strategy dimensions, encompassing the subcomponents of initiatives, organizational readiness, and transformation in the attributes and structural configurations of banks. The second factor involves the development of innovation antecedents, comprising subcomponents such as organizational structure, interactions and communications, organizational intellectual and human capital, environmental factors, organizational capabilities and competencies, organizational management practices, and internal organizational factors. The third factor relates to the innovation process, incorporating subcomponents including transparency of actions, knowledge enhancement and awareness acquisition, operational implementation steps, and delineation of the dimensions of the strategic renewal project. The fourth factor concerns the outcomes of innovation development, consisting of non-financial consequences and financial consequences. https://www.oajre.ir/article_243044.html This study aims to investigate the role of moral courage in the relationship between professional identity and auditors’ professional skepticism. Given its nature, this research is classified as applied research, and in terms of methodology, it falls within the category of descriptive-survey studies. The statistical population consists of 1,879 certified auditors actively employed in audit firms that are members of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 319 auditors was determined and examined. In this study, auditors’ professional skepticism served as the dependent variable, professional identity as the independent variable, and moral courage as the mediating variable. To measure professional identity, the Professional and Organizational Identity questionnaire developed by Brubaker et al. (2018) and the Ethical Identity scale by Aramini and King Jiang (2021) were used. Moral courage was assessed using Johnson’s (2021) standardized questionnaire, and Hart’s (2013) questionnaire was employed to measure professional skepticism. Responses were scored on a five-point Likert scale. Construct validity was used to confirm the scale’s validity. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability, both indicating acceptable levels of reliability. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationships among variables, utilizing SPSS version 25 and Smart PLS version 4 software. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that auditors’ professional identity significantly influences both their professional skepticism and their moral courage. Furthermore, auditors’ moral courage significantly affects their professional skepticism. Additionally, moral courage plays a mediating role in the relationship between professional identity and professional skepticism. https://www.oajre.ir/article_243075.html Teaching resistance economics to children, as a strategic requirement of the educational system, demands approaches aligned with their cognitive, linguistic, and cultural characteristics. Despite emphasis in upstream policy documents on institutionalizing resistance economics from early schooling, the literature shows no coherent model centered on language for teaching these concepts to children. This study explicates a linguistic pattern using Strauss and Corbin’s systematic grounded theory. Data were collected through semi‑structured interviews with educational experts, teachers, and resistance‑economics specialists, alongside document analysis, and were analyzed via open, axial, and selective coding. The results identified causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences, organized within a paradigmatic model. The core category was “internalization of resistance‑economics concepts through linguistic reconstruction aligned with the child’s world.” Findings indicate language functions beyond a mere medium, acting as the primary mechanism for meaning making and institutionalization. Accordingly, effective teaching requires linguistic simplification, narrative‑based instruction, linking concepts to children’s lived experiences, and alignment between school and family discourse. The proposed model offers theoretical and practical foundations for curriculum design, teacher professional development, and producing child‑appropriate educational content.