The Effect of Western Sanctions on the Political Will and Economic Structure of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Political Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan , Iran.

2 University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

One of the significant signs of the globalization phenomenon is the existence of close connection between economy and politics and deep correlation between these two. One of the most important matters that can influence the economic security of governments is the issue of economic sanctions. Islamic Republic of Iran has been constantly suffering from extensive economic sanctions. This study seeks to address this fundamental question: What impacts have the economic sanctions had on the economy and political will of the Islamic Republic of Iran according to the Realist, Liberalist and Constructivist schools of thought? The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method indicates that, according to Realism and Liberalism, economic sanctions have made the economic structure of the Islamic Republic suffer heavy losses. They have also led to changes in the political behavior of Iran and the countries that enforcethese sanctions. According to the constructivist approach, however, despite their detrimental effects on the economy, the sanctions have not been able to undermine the political determination of the Iranian Nation-State in defending its lawful rights.

Keywords


Abbasi Shahkuh, M. (2013). Software movement as a propagation of the Islamic Revolution. Development Strategy Quarterly No. 22, p. 157(In Persian)
Akbari, H. (2011). The discourse of resistance. Preparing to exert transnational power. Collection of Articles from the Islamic Resistance International Conference. Tehran: Cultural Studies and Social Planning Office of the Science, Research and Technology Department, pp. 25-26(In Persian)
Alikhani, H. (2005). Iran Sanctions: Failure of a Policy (M. Mottaghi Nejad, Trans.). Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Markaz-e Chaap va Entesharat, pp. 36-42 (In Persian)
Behyar Moghadam, S. R. (2007). Foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding peace in Middle East. Journal of Rahavard-e Siasi No. 17, pp. 124-125(In Persian)
Biniaz, A., (2011).  Recent Middle East upheavals and sanctions imposed on Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Foreign Policy; 25 (3)
Camallonga ,José María Viñals & González Lismary Suárez. (2012), New economic sanctions against Iran: oil embargo and freeze of assets, NEWSLETTER, pp. 1-5
 Chan, Steve &, A. Cooper Drury. (2000). Sanctions as Economic Statecraft: Theory and Practice. Basingsstoke: Macmillan, p. 3
Christopher Hill(2007), Bringing War Home: Foreign Policy Making in Multicultural Society, International Relations, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 259  
Clyde & Co LLP( 2010), Update on US Economic Sanctions Iran,  Regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority, p. 1
Crescenzi, M. G. C., (2008). The Effect of Economic Relations in Political Conflicts and International Relations (E. Karami, Trans.). Tehran: Tadbir-e Eghtesad Research Institute,  p. 161and pp. 113-116 (In Persian).
Dolatkhah, Z., (2010).  A comparison of sanctions imposed on Iran and North Korea in United Nations Security Council.  Journal of Political Science; 6 (2)
Drezner, Daniel (2003), How Smart are Smart Sanctions?,  Department of Political Science, University of Chicago ,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK, p. 1
Drury, A. Cooper (2001). Sanctions as Coercive Diplomacy: the US President’s decision to Initiate Economic Sanctions, Political Research Quarterly, 54(3), p. 487
Donyay-e Eqtesad Newspaper. Consequences of Economic Growth (September 2013). No. 3011, p. 1 (In Persian)
Holsti, K. G. (1994). Basics of International Politics Analysis (B. Mostaqimi & M. Tarom Sari, Trans.). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, p. 377 (In Persian)
House of Lords (2007), The Impact of Economic Sanctions,  Select Committee on Economic Affairs, Volume I, p. 7
Jentleson , Bruce W.(2007), Sanctions against Iran: Key Issues, A Century Foundation Report, P. 8
Khajehpur, B. Mor’eshi, R. & Parsi, T. (2013). The Effect of Sanctions on Iranian Nuclear Equations. BaleUniversity Publications, p. 26(In Persian)  
Krause, Joachim & Mallory IV, Charles  King(2010), The Strategic Implications of the Iranian Nuclear Program, Aspen European Strategy Forum, P. 95
Mafi, H., (2006). A consideration of sanctions against Iran through an International laws perspective. Journal of Law and Political Science; No.1
Mohammadi, M. & Molana S. H. (2009). Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Ahmadinejad’s Government. Tehran: Dadogstar Institute Publications, pp. 205-206 (In Persian)
Mohseni, R. (2010). The effects of commercial and financial sanctions on Iranian economy: historical analysis. Journal of Majlis and Research , No. 61, pp. 48-49 (In Persian)
Moradi, S. (2009). International sanctions and formation of overthrowing movements: Case study of Iran. Political and International Strategies, No. 16, pp. 47-48(In Persian)
Mottaghi, E. (2008). Investing the pattern and process of American confrontation against Iran during 1979 to 2008. Strategy Quarterly No. 47, p. 217 (In Persian)
Performance Report by the Armaghan-e Iranian Investment Fund for a six-month fiscal period, (2013), pp. 32-33(In Persian)
Pishgami Fard, Z. Ghalibaf, M. B., Taheri, & Sadeqi (2011). The status of the power of flexibility with emphasis on Islamic Republic of Iran. Rahbord Quarterly No. 20, p. 51 (In Persian)
Redzic, Ilham(2012),  Efficiency and Impact of Economic Sanctions, International Symposium on Sustainable Development, p. 217.
Teymouri, A. (2012). Investigating thirty years of challenges and threats facing the Islamic Republic of Iran. Rasm-e Shahadat Monthly. No. 5, p.1 (In Persian)
Yazdanfam, M., 2006; International sanctions and Islamic Republic of Iran’s national security; Strategic Studies; No. 34.
Yazdanfam  M. (2006). International sanctions and the security of I.R.I. Strategic Studies (34). p. 808(In Persian).
Yazdanfam, M. (2007). Transformation of theories and concept of international security. Strategic Studies Quarterly 10(38), pp. 732-733 (In Persian)
BBC Persian (November 2013). Obama’s Request from the Congress: Delay in Enforcing new Sanctions against Iran In http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran /2013/11/131114_u10_obama_iran_sanctions.shtml
Flavia Krause-Jackson (2010). Sanctions Cost Iran $60 Billion in Oil Investments, Burns Says, at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-01/sanctions-cost-iran-60-billion-in-oil-investments-burns-says.html, p. 1.
Haak, Andreas and Michael Brüggemann(2012), The Iran Embargo Overview on Latest Developments and Outlook, at:  www.theworldlawgroup.com, pp. 1-2
Katzman, Kenneth. (2012), Iran Sanctions, Affairs Congressional Research Service, at:  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871, p. 2
Levornik, Zoe I. (2011), Nuclear Dialogues: A Constructivist Approach to Nuclear Proliferation, at: http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/4/9/8/6/7/p498679_index.html, pp. 5-7
Ilias, Shayerah. (2010), Iran’s Economic Conditions: U.S. Policy Issues, CRS Report for Congress, at: www.crs.gov, p.3
Mazroui, A. (2013). Early Assessment of Iran’s Economic Performance in 2012. Retrieved fromhttp://www.kaleme.com/2013/02/18/klm-14271, p. 1 (In Persian)
Nasseri, Ladane. (2012). Iran Won't Yield to Pressure, Foreign Minister Says; Nuclear News Awaited, at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-12/iran-won-t-yield-to-pressure-foreign-minister-says-nuclear-news-awaited.html,  p. 3 (In Persian)
Ragheb, A. (July 2012). Trends in Western Sanctions against Iran. Center for Islamic Revolution Documents. Retrieved from http://www.irdc.ir /fa/content/20232/print.aspx (In Persian)
Taraz Analytic News Website. Investigating economic growth in sixth to tenth governments + diagram (October 2013). Retrieved from http://www.taraznews.com/content/ 49638
Tehran-e Emruz Cultural, Social and Economic Newspaper. Publishing Iran’s 76-Year Inflation Report (August 2013). No. 5 (In Persian)
The Iranian nuclear program: Alternatives to Sanctions (2010), Al Sharq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies (SCRSS) and the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation (RLF), AmericanUniversity in Cairo, at: http://www.rosalux.de/publication/37597/the-iranian-nuclear-program-alternatives-to-sanctions.html, p. 5
Seifzadeh, Hossein, (2005). Iran Assertiveness in Maintaining its Nuclear Technology: Foreign Effectiveness and Domestic Efficiency, Center for Strategic Research, at: http://sam.gov.tr/irans-assertiveness-in-maintaining-its-peaceful-nuclear-technology-foreign-effectiveness-and-domestic-efficiency/ pp. 20-23 (In Persian)